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"title": "Week 20 - Web Attacks"
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"title": "Week 20 - Intro to Propositional Logic"
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"AI & Data Mining/Week 20/Week 20 - Intro to Propositional Logic.md",
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"Networking and Security/Week 20",
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"AI & Data Mining/Week 19/Timeline of History.md",
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"CWC 2 - Warm Welcome.md",
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"Data Structures/GPT Answers to Past Paper/Question 6.md",
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"Penetration Testing/Week 19/AI Summary.md",
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"Data Structures/Focused Exam Revision.md",
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# Propositions
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- Declarative sentences with truth values (T or F)
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- Atomic propositions (basic building blocks)
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- Compound propositions (combinations of atomic propositions)
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### Argument Form: Modus Ponens (Affirming the Antecedent)
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- Content: If it’s raining, then the ground is wet. The ground is wet. Therefore, it was raining.
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### Argument Form: Disjunctive Syllogism
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- Content: Either it’s raining or the plants need water. It’s not raining. Therefore, the plants need water.
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## Propositional Connectives
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- Negation (¬): p is true if and only if ¬p is false
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- Conjunction (∧): p ∧ q is true if and only if both p and q are true
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- Disjunction (∨): p ∨ q is true if and only if at least one of p or q is true
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- Implication (⇒): p ⇒ q is false if and only if p is true and q is false
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- Equivalence (⇔): p ⇔ q is true if and only if p and q have the same truth value
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## Precedence Order of Connectives
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1. Negation (¬)
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2. Conjunction (∧)
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3. Disjunction (∨)
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4. Implication (⇒)
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5. Equivalence (⇔)
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This means that in a formula without parentheses, ¬ takes precedence over ∧ and ∨, ∧ and ∨ have the same precedence but associativity to the left, and ⇒ and ⇔ also have the same precedence but associativity to the right. For example, p ∧ q ⇒ r is equivalent to (p ∧ q) ⇒ r, not p ∧ (q ⇒ r).
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### Propositions and Connectives (Examples)
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#### Atomic Propositions:
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- p: The cat is on the mat.
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- q: The dog is sleeping.
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#### Compound Propositions Using Connectives:
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- p ∧ q: The cat is on the mat and the dog is sleeping.
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- ¬p: It’s not the case that the cat is on the mat.
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- p ∨ q: Either the cat is on the mat or the dog is sleeping (or both).
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- p ⇒ q: If the cat is on the mat, then the dog is sleeping.
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- p ⇔ q: The cat is on the mat if and only if the dog is sleeping.
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#### Natural Language Statements
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- Natural language statement: If you study hard, then you will pass the exam.
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- Formalized as: p ⇒ q
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- Natural language statement: Either you will go to the party or stay home and study.
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- Formalized as: p ∨ ¬q
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#### Logic Formulae
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- Formula: (p ∧ q) ⇒ ¬r
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- Interpretation: If both p and q are true, then r is false.
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- Formula: ¬(p ∨ ¬q)
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- Interpretation: It’s not the case that either p is true or q is false.
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## Truth Tables for Connectives
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- Negation: T|F, F|T
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- Conjunction: T&T|TT, F&F|FT, TT|T
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- Disjunction: T∨T|TT, F∨F|FF, TF|TF
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- Implication: T⇒T|TT, F⇒T|FT, TT|F
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- Equivalence: T⇔T|TT, F⇔F|FF, TT|T
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#### Truth Table for P ⇒ Q:
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| P | Q | P ⇒ Q |
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| --- | --- | ----- |
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| T | T | T |
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| T | F | F |
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| F | T | T |
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| F | F | T |
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## Classes of Propositions
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- Tautologies: Always true (e.g., p ∨ ¬p)
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- Contradictions: Always false (e.g., p ∧ ¬p)
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- Contingent propositions: Neither tautology nor contradiction
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### Logical Equivalence (≡)
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- Two formulae are logically equivalent if their equivalence is a tautology
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#### Examples
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- p ∧ q ≡ q ∧ p
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- ¬(p ∨ q) ≡ ¬p ∧ ¬q
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### Logical Implication or Entailment (|=)
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- Formula p entails q if and only if the implication p ⇒ q is a tautology
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#### Examples
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- p ∧ q |= q
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- ¬(p ∨ ¬q) |= ¬p ⇒ q
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# Ambiguous and Vague Sentences
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- Ambiguity: A sentence with multiple distinct meanings.
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- Ambiguous sentence: “I want to have dinner with you or your friend.”
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- Interpretation 1: You can choose between having dinner with me or my friend.
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- Interpretation 2: I want to have dinner with you and your friend together.
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- Vagueness: A sentence with only one meaning, but the distinction between truth and falsity is unclear.
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- Vague sentence: “The book is heavy.”
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- Vague because no quantitative measure of heaviness is provided.
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# Logic as a Formal Language
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- Alphabet: Symbols for denoting propositions, identifiers, punctuation symbols ((), propositional connectives).
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- Syntax: Rules defining the order of symbols in sentences, precedence order of connectives.
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- Semantics: Assignment of meaning to correctly written sentences.
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### Examples of Logical Structures
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- Argument: If the train has six carriages and serves a rural community, then it is not overcrowded.
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- Formalized as: p ∧ q ⇒ ¬r
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- Argument: If Bob eats carrots, then he will be able to see in the dark. Therefore, if Bob can’t see in the dark, then he hasn’t eaten carrots.
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- Formalized as: p ⇒ q ≡ ¬q ⇒ ¬p
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# Summary
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- Logicians focus on argument form
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- Deduction involves justifying conclusions based solely on premises
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- Connectives join atomic propositions to form compound propositions
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bike
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hello
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into
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japan
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kaput
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linux
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blowjob
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bitch
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hello
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scooter
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please
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porsche
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guitar
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chelsea
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cameron
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computer
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wizard
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phoenix
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knight
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iceman
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tigers
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purple
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horny
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dakota
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aaaaaa
|
||||||
|
player
|
||||||
|
sunshine
|
||||||
|
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|
||||||
|
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|
||||||
|
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|
||||||
|
cowboys
|
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|
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|
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|
charles
|
||||||
|
girls
|
||||||
|
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|
||||||
|
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|
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|
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|
||||||
|
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|
||||||
|
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|
||||||
|
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|
||||||
|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
||||||
|
winter
|
||||||
|
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|
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|
compaq
|
||||||
|
carlos
|
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|
tennis
|
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|
james
|
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|
mike
|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
sexsex
|
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|
hardcore
|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
welcome
|
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|
chris
|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
princess
|
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|
mercedes
|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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fred
|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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rangers
|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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bitches
|
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|
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|
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|
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magic
|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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pussies
|
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|
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|
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theman
|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
murphy
|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
eagle1
|
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|
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|
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|
mother
|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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forever
|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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lovers
|
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|
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gregory
|
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|
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|
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|
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lucky
|
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|
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|
jackie
|
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monica
|
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midnight
|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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giants
|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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extreme
|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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legend
|
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movie
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success
|
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|
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|
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great
|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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mountain
|
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|
madison
|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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peaches
|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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blondes
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time
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women
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dreams
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rush2112
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russia
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Mistress
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
$5$yGr0ACC/$x7JK4/IGRGiMZXn8BXYpdXXiUV9GHi005OzpbogYXS8
|
||||||
|
$5$twDbO3mL$NSbHYAfaRQO5jPUqGWc3O81bq.BC2JYveDCitOC4q33
|
||||||
|
$5$UkUr/9Uw$FEkKrO4lbRTBlvR72BYN2vWl8scvrwcz.7Bzgy4TfL1
|
||||||
|
$5$zcpf9pwa$65Qqf.9/QwL0B95biNItHAEj/Q/c0SH1gmtkk0F.hO4
|
||||||
|
$5$lgufr1Hd$Q0IeVF9gwMJ54MvdW2ukZ.pg2E56NGppRzHsU7GCwW.
|
||||||
|
$5$NzLxqNL1$ctKoek0BoCC835Rp7Wfhy4qIjhWcSFj..VeRMJ55S0B
|
||||||
|
$5$ZnzB7Qro$4pHEZFLcXLupktt0qC0XGCES/mgyYVEYt57OSjwb635
|
||||||
|
$5$Skcg1Q88$HEu/aMDokndmA0MfXD5i7WIbCAzxNHAe1.zxVgkKSf3
|
||||||
|
$5$zJ2D2yg7$aWYSN07mStHLuSkXGndOynPydY3VyqUROawx//Buyg.
|
||||||
|
$5$miO4.kqU$RRxJemdP4w4W9q4AuOcuemTxq3ZFaX.qw8JlMHgoem.
|
||||||
|
$5$rrHBRN1X$7D94N8HHsJOUFUvhziz0eP1k.GOLLfYximSc6h1miC0
|
||||||
|
$5$C5J9qnEi$BtZOGNIKFpUFY5rvgw6JIwVqwsspVwar0bFDQqwmp0A
|
||||||
|
$5$gmhO6xOa$1qujiFqQgSfte.Zkunh2jo9OXE2Zc2b2P7MTKFKRrO3
|
||||||
|
$5$RRIpcR3W$D7Vr7U88j6OUIDXb6OAHWE/QiOX8H6.AMn2CTGH1EiD
|
||||||
|
$5$z18Nq4q2$jfGp.DDgo5jI/zZBc6yZXoWUgS9vIZnMWts/HDtLkS3
|
||||||
|
$5$rfKFGla.$l8HCwx6Qb2zQVs3Jlwcvj7z.UaaIQs6b.lm1gbMvp6C
|
||||||
|
$5$kE1ioQsv$.Mhr.VxG1zFbQJp/AifC9lTcDYtBOlH3foMnpi7OBA2
|
||||||
|
$5$DlfJCO7f$932ryzuBLIvwJxi6D5uhvEQUQ9AztqsBilzcwCO1NrA
|
||||||
|
$5$HGVZZajB$4Hll3XIcnuef7xKYbVSyT5YXcW7tLHK9tst1UD7NR64
|
||||||
|
$5$na4kJp3l$dDF0JNmsGECnow2HZmN0WBwZrVOa1V3zRqpKGgVG7B/
|
||||||
|
$5$/wkDCEih$ylOj/w3psKtsinh47akaPAo9wqBbARNaRPaavqfCi65
|
||||||
|
$5$0YxUfv/z$AuiD2xq8UarJdSekxCpyLxSpzkAPxz8uYTWIdyeGLi5
|
||||||
|
$5$O2ysCOYN$p4iQO8ItqX76.RVR7m6j3IqCxEyntYEm/dRI13FXgg8
|
||||||
|
$5$Y2KvSuyo$NUo8vLaTjIMrRKmjjB1jrrtNU0I/hSgfDotejSpnwJ0
|
||||||
|
$5$Xb9Wzxjf$MKw9nht9gR3zAAe6WiRo2KoyOSQjY7fmqCli2CT0Rg4
|
||||||
|
$5$3.mLApXb$Y7VqPKPJ3R3k0n7GN6yq/yTkcH.roOC87./8DPqby3C
|
||||||
|
$5$SwwZRBPc$DA3FOtWPMkw3Mp1ca7uDs51MJri8TpihoOepufYjB12
|
||||||
|
$5$UoM26I3y$rFy2YhjqPKmn0g.U2SbharPm0Yj7AuKuLDYNJLhWZZ3
|
||||||
|
$5$PxfNTlVm$Ld9IytpTWKvboLGbGmBNRuLCbMfHEjL8HS5qj3seYRC
|
||||||
|
$5$GucdFL1c$wpbhjiC2iMYzFd9TkYdZcdU8gIy52i70W2S/KAOwgd1
|
||||||
|
$5$DeYiDSFc$Ys7GA0dFxFPc0RwNMv78qxQ5YIFMFC9ta39y/hjc9Z3
|
||||||
|
$5$7Nv/LvNW$AuaL7YnNu81rcep.mtj5NNoceMsQn2xBQmQU6crQ3RC
|
||||||
|
$5$d/SpC3uM$ehGMt8mwVaQaDPr9BKZOfEzXs1nLcHH5xveQ55poj14
|
||||||
|
$5$QrsiOWcr$2uFNU.ML8Id3LpINxIgOvfgVRRqxyxXWRpMlnY.ZjW6
|
||||||
|
$5$Vlaooomw$1yzeNimd5YQg1v/scUz6qYSzTgx2hTeYaiZc9j1pU4C
|
||||||
|
$5$5z7fIlGg$RUFqpJbFMi6BTWTlP/6hRFbca4cLez2vGLE2n71NpD7
|
||||||
|
$5$CV5FJ/Zk$dESyVqhqLUdz/CmNoG/ROKFkOFgojoY/UtEZI8WrV45
|
||||||
|
$5$xKIdcgXN$HFweXuAxP5/mKKiNb7w5vWdgQxcN1pavM51PlXMTjj0
|
||||||
|
$5$6KmciOPR$5duwKc4EaLzFWgEt14shKo/fQrRXJC9AtmHgolx4N77
|
||||||
|
$5$jKCmaGAt$QbpB9FrdCygdkHootlTvm.O52.fx6d3tOFHg86sh4BD
|
||||||
|
$5$1D77znFd$kujmKPuD7PO9tGDSU39cVV8qt1OUbdB5/WUfM9SciNA
|
||||||
|
$5$xC8r.776$Xzaeic3plk1lqiOtzAm63xHSoLGiLIUuUTSXaW9ggZ/
|
||||||
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
|
|||||||
|
$6$To0oFk1u$QTxJC3bwqd3ruU8Dp9hqo7zHv/HtBqr/1jNnUuTdOwQe7SLURFTZmECHmnnjuJpjzPzEo37zOGMrte.VEsWvU0
|
||||||
|
$6$DACcy/l/$flWFr0njR.V84W5J/eNNC54wtFgZpD.9ryPwlcUv.1sOgcg2QyT7.o2TVgJ/FprCzGMBRJ24SXnl4t7YLEQCQ0
|
||||||
|
$6$V/KNbQiq$Bt4U40YniOUt1W1suWPes7CzwWrRjqWYkfqk8nBb5qq0uO3CeUG10RKbXNULTFjcL6C2.AmNiunR11tCakkQK1
|
||||||
|
$6$fwcb/t.8$0G7wpJGk5gn.ieuBN0f8k96D4L/O6T2MoDnu5KJVsKPFJ7b3svLDqpwkYHkh0qdb1X7uneiLCZ62YX3t6qQEL/
|
||||||
|
$6$oVUKAVBM$uezJtuCuEy36Elp5p/U9BzvmtFx4FulnbkWAwxssahjdpE79vSI2IZzZcYzxwV2Z96kZ2fVcN.oEnVkgyRiI91
|
||||||
|
$6$2b1L4Gpy$z3jf2MdZ8oET7F8tUIR7w8q/VktsSTAjBJIKNMJjs3h92S8JaM7qwTiKkJkR9IeasM3jBOOHHR8WICyI1YwDv/
|
||||||
|
$6$wwe3xs9l$2wIFwsvv9DAx3RQQqtog2Tbp7LmVTCuPcESI0l8OOuSFaCFt.NHM2w0J.n4qw6.0yeqq5cXdlOuad9J73zu8r.
|
||||||
|
$6$DV1dQz1T$7lZfGTOZcv2roOCVErewqRrfzV5W3AkUP7BhfJ9toQqwfNkscdiZFcymxCQpquVJS7eBbKIqGpjGFmxa3CtpI/
|
||||||
|
$6$YLNVMBMx$TdCw.z7dqgrkvm50TuHEHsw.Wvj7EcPtb4PAy57.4eSJST0zgXUv6b1nlgNrHOYgvz0ay1bSY5hvL7o5IEXX2/
|
||||||
|
$6$xETKnL6j$zff9Wdxrz5SfHROrcT3ZZ9buIrJdb6kxi/aKOKONginECM3aXdk.1MYu3PwNwOeSZ8dbQ2kZUmuKpFKtSWvIJ1
|
||||||
|
$6$IaGf7JHS$nCjuQ3ClnFiMVQb/.po4xjA2.BYytnNwnF5tjfUGhBvrZMokdnkklMeIEq4bSnjBmIthjTJ6zPg0cu6G4zBMU.
|
||||||
|
$6$LVbBctYT$oHI/QYPL7JZzKvd2L/YgNYzq0.l18J4ob82QpT4TW9FW2Vrf/g2AcHIGsNIP/yhj489Mtav4F/gVJEVeXXMoI1
|
||||||
|
$6$EJ.qhd6/$JtBytO61zXnP7QZZEqxJxkW1wbLxtBQugs1R2RVlxj.DDoGZ7Z.0mfMHG.JgJ9z8P71yuOX6A6RzwrbeWdTZ7/
|
||||||
|
$6$mcHVC0mC$RsdjnjHlpTFWAhBV4vH/piKsFwfFJRYUL9ZtOMEf1/GBG/7TVX8WrkqHosotb4L0ZsxamC9F9Z0dwchB5cLCj/
|
||||||
|
$6$c6v.ViCx$vaR.gyJabgyuLqfkwLU16HxK.lF2jnVM4ZQAEASkBYE3sv7CCGORD.D9VUsFtpNjkAj1hc3cNcIsWlcvwEevQ0
|
||||||
|
$6$frlQJrCm$HRplQ1Jo5PLdfoKeB9ADJOY0Huz9qcPkBqZfdQNKTpyZfc6uKQL0Y1TA1bXS75bDOKFtYTQU0EhJXjeoVFYoy/
|
||||||
|
$6$m7jSxu4g$B/B14uud1OQ0F5cD4RW7eXX95KtRKld7E0UrRCqi.Ms1eUlzckOo0uqR2oCXSPxlYF.tMk4j0xJyEwp9h4x5E0
|
||||||
|
$6$f7/dDWsL$02oKjHBU7963D4c688.XKWg4YEHDPNgFGaFndeZqZO1Q85ENE/tDa9WJqJK9oUiSmvRpdTjusUJc9x.4AcqfI.
|
||||||
|
$6$rVpLAQEu$W6T6D1EVSLOPbwFoiEzFaCdnZ7WlddL0rtEJ/.CeP0VDHF6YX.I72gcO1XUdhGn/XWEpf7XyW4BxEmgh8vYPf1
|
||||||
|
$6$9OVqqKxz$lKXfyBrv02t.hdC5O.N8L2m6UHekGLOBLDzFaEkq0MVSbP3TqdW93oStFv/lzgBkAnELxlDb38j5c2nbC0JeD0
|
||||||
|
$6$3pH4hVJ/$ck/AjPC/QiCIHzZpafSMaYkRJ2wsUDgV3miePdtxfkt5pAD1J.g42E0vJ3XwcDVfZ5RAwUKPGB0yjO.6VTLpx/
|
||||||
|
$6$JA7AVzA4$oOVfIPxmM9VRIbF7Jwyw6WDF5D2QloH.CD/c52bFRzGl8daiiZBK7sMyP9yu8YbgEcc9kXoc5EmBcaqJna.nm/
|
||||||
|
$6$Rznc8qgu$VvwSo8REYPV0TdqYad2e/be87tSNyulxECOfVSqniayIIwPPuBNx4SniEvuekndmKh80yLV.HTgpCycUmoMBz.
|
||||||
|
$6$1SJbgYcu$O/OJn1Xz2B8xWqmahxkQbLH.lKi7tiCQUiaevyNTF0k9LbJHNOar6OEAHvu6uwR5kACtgT1XWSZmJiaR06Za50
|
||||||
|
$6$ZVzScqGd$eadwbDbNhMZn0Fj8eOphMvaEbxWMZ5MG4/aPUOaSSHm3KIFbU2fju/vyFRqw.YYkZ9r55ZzV.6k8CTuam83FW.
|
||||||
|
$6$0G4TcGgA$iUZ4LDAVy.gF6bHVODGxTtggDV32tjPilCRPi1rXEsud7NLScJEz.LUAUO7umOK9kMqYwqTDwvyjB8Zmd7NP6/
|
||||||
|
$6$cqSHecUi$ajWgqWAD8Ubt5/xjlN.cDr1.4PrJPMmfk7/g3mkMvDh4sn5xSKlq5XTeJlOnqNGeh9JYO4o1lMMXoG8YEonrM1
|
||||||
|
$6$0tSCf6Gl$OvoOb.BOl2Qdm1qrwYq/75t/Q0JW9wIVQq3VDMlveY9aEwQINOqgbbZqWYXnqOQPFpxG6WJIlwnVSL7JObQ7A0
|
||||||
|
$6$rS3dLael$2NM/Gv2Ul8Uy/lEoni4cqtqVotsFcr.Zk0zPWSWAAwoOhsx/w7EIslVlJvHUn4eV4Bdn.MtXGvU2LSC65mxhf0
|
||||||
|
$6$5LfXFm2s$qp3OiKADPZfXN9dsbt61B96Pq7ARvIGAIHk0J5A7DgxNrJhCq9hLSorfdOfTLcT/tds66LsBcKxH9svKbtOgq/
|
||||||
|
$6$O8IYI/0l$dCxyXElAuXRm0tuJ/1vnNmCVmVbwn89oRwEKdW34aeC.p.eeJZQxdI3SrUcNSkbCHqiAVdCcggiIlp.IYhDWc/
|
||||||
|
$6$8KClKaZW$F05lZMIvzhfwOqVjGfGwECXG1UZVig98Sepn/NcVg5uupv8rCZoevXfBP5wcUilboQ6OWA9s9zW0UKQveuQm30
|
||||||
|
$6$Qe5eNHIf$2Zj8pNN3a4VoGp5OstmmgOH6folXbJw4RyWZPRzZ9gEAnbwV9zKHb/uK18eFEM4mVw6t1R7PAlJDAPFeSwt9p0
|
||||||
|
$6$9JKzUVZs$iPub3qw2A2NpzPRoD6m3CVA1FLKzC6ptRuK/OP1gv0Gy1OmbUqHDkg1SlbWIMM39UO7z20x.3QVDZtGvSojKd/
|
||||||
|
$6$ag0FhiE1$T1pzwlKjf/BZ6DIIIgNgEOez0WYOuLj.XpNDJy4xAsxZtROSKaKZwTAiTvp9pgFf7ZwcbUdrIga8aa0.ePUHy1
|
||||||
|
$6$s32Fqf7A$RW.7NtuQaqa.JoIQYNThbss5vrLgfnpd20pEshZcJMpYgSCA9SpKAntynaibZ9ugMidY.qAl7L34p/jzAS96w/
|
||||||
|
$6$vrTCpxLX$qct36P1YQaipM/nCaWMWCYJ8ENqKKZfdadGuDhFCGdALkKqLfJDStH25IdHG0SLF7cQ1scx9/hnOdk6eErC1C.
|
||||||
|
$6$BxBCL4GL$fseFAVTI2/pa//pQYMP.zDa6BHQFcqV6nqZtl21fJdzQcNmOa9xwfdtXgklGU0O8hEF4yz2b6CYURPmmMXW8e/
|
||||||
|
$6$I6zrzavP$FLGLGXmd4GkbX4RNzPxJxlWgg/MSSzaqpTRgOtbaWuXHslkBtc/e1zPljNeksckvArFkDOABT10FRDmnUwuPf.
|
||||||
|
$6$RV9dR6yl$FKzQGVmc.qaV5y7AatyVL8YfafaOG3CuhykvwCIu5H.1/COFkdNbWL/R9aaEmV0AqJd5MRqWsxPPk9r5WkJ4o.
|
||||||
|
$6$UeGAPzQ/$pBlpDgLkArw5vH5A/712Q61JkMF9W1B5nCauS.qz.2PYb98nB96rgMiTQul65hzb7Q47WPVr9D1gy/4iMXL6w0
|
||||||
|
$6$GZVQsj3M$S5PUpVH6cOrEr7SQy2E0Hs5lEhQJ3GUAIs0.8.N3369oRdQMHBQFU1ugZ/jjmSGokD3YxUM84v5mgxFKIHwh//
|
||||||
|
$6$vntmwJIB$WILkY5Sny8ZpssFNjilGmQjByrvJjG6n.5M2l/NgPSwhyRcNqqf82391btEVZw.cj6hZftOluyN4N4iQ4BM3G1
|
||||||
|
$6$bQJoYEQn$4pfYd7fL5TSHBAbCCa8RSrUQlStVCjuMam9EwhoDUtvzkMdcB0diQ4fHrBxMKTohXdnxdbqzB1KXiRWZxFfTA/
|
||||||
|
$6$upOSRrNM$1tkGsDzG2vAhcXoJnTzY.9J/WvXTE.NdlAUByVnaVoqvKs36JAsjQOmkbwlsdo8Y7BHU7z6dhGhIffzxOKLTJ0
|
||||||
|
$6$ib7.F9E.$npclenIOM4JCj09gGjsVJwLGcCSbOCKa7h6l/S0y8dGRaexrFSOS/ivrXHNbLWA9tvxQ05ZuUO8cE.wbQ2EOV1
|
||||||
|
$6$7MvcNYfg$8Wpkze.GrYievOPS8uWd3kH0YIMoYHYsNrOs04ApBkyW9jCWJpyjkJdD0PsunZaiilN98xJxer.d1UtRa9P9O0
|
||||||
|
$6$D0oD8Gm9$dD3jR.zhHHUjjLusd3EPVB/4w4skLx/.t1kw/1VJKpAqSMmp9GcjNx9oothCbA2wHeU/B8eNqWN03oE3DZwCl0
|
||||||
|
$6$3b5SOJkb$CxHISZJRp/wcvQUQ07J7PfS64jcqjmgJylAzv11lAaFN6eofdftNrsQT1Bcll/mt1Ay/wvR7MvaLJoZ5RtJmx.
|
||||||
|
$6$uKOiLbfl$xxJNqrDF6PxtP1Mr192pzjNxHwtuWsDchzCVg2ZIx3fpIZNKvf5NjTQ3pOUlmTY4/EFmyzYNU5hGPSe.wVeeR0
|
||||||
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
|
|||||||
|
R2D2
|
||||||
|
nauj
|
||||||
|
guadalajara
|
||||||
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
|
|||||||
|
#!/bin/bash
|
||||||
|
#
|
||||||
|
# create (and destroy) a user account, in order to
|
||||||
|
# capture and display its password as stored in /etc/shadow
|
||||||
|
# and compare it the the password's pure hash
|
||||||
|
#
|
||||||
|
# david morgan 8/2014
|
||||||
|
#
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
clear
|
||||||
|
if [ $(id -u) -ne 0 ];then echo "This script must be run as root"; exit 1; fi
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
echo -n "Please supply a password: "; read password
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
user=testuser$RANDOM
|
||||||
|
useradd $user
|
||||||
|
echo -en "$password\n$password\n" | passwd $user &> /dev/null
|
||||||
|
record=$( tail -1 /etc/shadow )
|
||||||
|
userdel $user
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
passfield=$( echo $record | awk -F : '{print $2}' )
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
hashtype=$( echo $passfield | awk -F $ '{print $2}' )
|
||||||
|
salt=$( echo $passfield | awk -F $ '{print $3}' )
|
||||||
|
storedpass=$( echo $passfield | awk -F $ '{print $4}' )
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
echo -en "\nThis is the password record generated in /etc/shadow for a new user with your chosen password: \n\t$record"
|
||||||
|
echo -en "\nand this is its password related field: \n\t"; echo $record | awk -F : '{print $2}'
|
||||||
|
echo -en "\n...and these are that password field's components:\n"
|
||||||
|
echo -en "hash-type code $hashtype"
|
||||||
|
case $hashtype in
|
||||||
|
1 )
|
||||||
|
echo ' (md5)'
|
||||||
|
;;
|
||||||
|
5 )
|
||||||
|
echo ' (sha-256)'
|
||||||
|
;;
|
||||||
|
6)
|
||||||
|
echo ' (sha-512)'
|
||||||
|
;;
|
||||||
|
esac
|
||||||
|
echo -e "salt $salt"
|
||||||
|
echo -e "stored/scrambled password $storedpass"
|
||||||
|
echo
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
saltedpassword=$( echo ${salt}${password} )
|
||||||
|
echo -e "Salted password (password prefixed with salt):\n\t$saltedpassword"
|
||||||
|
case $hashtype in
|
||||||
|
6 )
|
||||||
|
echo -en "pure sha512 hash of this salted password:\n\t"
|
||||||
|
purehash=$(echo -n $saltedpassword | sha512sum | cut -d " " -f 1)
|
||||||
|
;;
|
||||||
|
5 )
|
||||||
|
echo -en "pure sha256 hash of this salted password:\n\t"
|
||||||
|
purehash=$(echo -n $saltedpassword | sha256sum | cut -d " " -f 1)
|
||||||
|
;;
|
||||||
|
1 )
|
||||||
|
echo -en "pure md5 hash of this salted password:\n\t"
|
||||||
|
purehash=$(echo -n $saltedpassword | md5sum | cut -d " " -f 1)
|
||||||
|
;;
|
||||||
|
esac
|
||||||
|
echo $purehash
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
cat<<EOF
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Note that password processing with a given hash algorithm does something
|
||||||
|
OTHER than merely hash with that algorithm, as shown by the fact that
|
||||||
|
the stored/processed password ($storedpass)
|
||||||
|
and the pure hash ($purehash)
|
||||||
|
are NOT the same.
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
( see man 3 crypt and man mkpasswd )
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
EOF
|
||||||
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@@ -2,48 +2,48 @@ Subtopics: Malicious Software, Attacks on Web Applications, Secure System Develo
|
|||||||
|
|
||||||
# How Computers Get Compromised:
|
# How Computers Get Compromised:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
- Accessing malicious or infected websites
|
- Accessing malicious or infected websites
|
||||||
- Downloading and installing malware from websites
|
- Downloading and installing malware from websites
|
||||||
- Executing attachments to emails containing exploits and malware
|
- Executing attachments to emails containing exploits and malware
|
||||||
- Plugging in external devices infected with malware
|
- Plugging in external devices infected with malware
|
||||||
- Installing malware/infected software from media
|
- Installing malware/infected software from media
|
||||||
- Direct attacks from the internet exploiting vulnerabilities in OS or applications
|
- Direct attacks from the internet exploiting vulnerabilities in OS or applications
|
||||||
- Through delivery chain, during assembly or shipment
|
- Through delivery chain, during assembly or shipment
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## Malware Types:
|
## Malware Types:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
- Backdoor/Trapdoor
|
- Backdoor/Trapdoor
|
||||||
- Logic bomb
|
- Logic bomb
|
||||||
- Trojan horse
|
- Trojan horse
|
||||||
- Worm
|
- Worm
|
||||||
- Virus (polymorphic, metamorphic)
|
- Virus (polymorphic, metamorphic)
|
||||||
- Stealth virus
|
- Stealth virus
|
||||||
- Exploit
|
- Exploit
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## Exploits:
|
## Exploits:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
- Exploit software/hardware vulnerability
|
- Exploit software/hardware vulnerability
|
||||||
- Carried in common data formats like PDF, office documents, media files
|
- Carried in common data formats like PDF, office documents, media files
|
||||||
- Contains corrupt data types
|
- Contains corrupt data types
|
||||||
- Causes unintended behavior on computers
|
- Causes unintended behavior on computers
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## Backdoor/Trapdoor:
|
## Backdoor/Trapdoor:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
- Provides remote control capabilities
|
- Provides remote control capabilities
|
||||||
- Can reside on the system for long periods before being used
|
- Can reside on the system for long periods before being used
|
||||||
- Installed by exploit or user (tricked into installing malicious program)
|
- Installed by exploit or user (tricked into installing malicious program)
|
||||||
- Can be installed during design for testing purposes, posing a threat if left in production software
|
- Can be installed during design for testing purposes, posing a threat if left in production software
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
# The Cyber Kill Chain (Hutchins Et Al., 2011):
|
# The Cyber Kill Chain (Hutchins Et Al., 2011):
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
- Reconnaissance, Weaponisation, Delivery, Exploitation, Installation, Command & Control (C&C), Action/Exfiltration
|
- Reconnaissance, Weaponisation, Delivery, Exploitation, Installation, Command & Control (C&C), Action/Exfiltration
|
||||||
- Timescale for each phase varies from days, months, hours to seconds.
|
- Timescale for each phase varies from days, months, hours to seconds.
|
||||||
- Recon; Weaponisation; Delivery; Exploitation; Installation; Command & Control; Action/Exfil
|
- Recon; Weaponisation; Delivery; Exploitation; Installation; Command & Control; Action/Exfil
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## Web Application Security Challenge:
|
## Web Application Security Challenge:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
- Firewall, App Server, Web Server, Hardened OS, Databases, Legacy Systems, Web Services, Directories, Human Resources, Billing, Custom-Developed Application Code
|
- Firewall, App Server, Web Server, Hardened OS, Databases, Legacy Systems, Web Services, Directories, Human Resources, Billing, Custom-Developed Application Code
|
||||||
- Network layer and application layer security are crucial
|
- Network layer and application layer security are crucial
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
# Application Attacks
|
# Application Attacks
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
@@ -51,29 +51,62 @@ Subtopics: Malicious Software, Attacks on Web Applications, Secure System Develo
|
|||||||
|
|
||||||
## SQL (Structured Query Language):
|
## SQL (Structured Query Language):
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
- Interface to relational databases
|
- Interface to relational databases
|
||||||
- Used for inserting, updating, deleting, and retrieving data in a database
|
- Used for inserting, updating, deleting, and retrieving data in a database
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
### SQL Injection:
|
### SQL Injection:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
- Databases system misinterpretation of input data
|
- Databases system misinterpretation of input data
|
||||||
- Attacker disguises SQL commands as data input
|
- Attacker disguises SQL commands as data input
|
||||||
- Vulnerability exists when web application fails to sanitise data input before sending it to the database
|
- Vulnerability exists when web application fails to sanitise data input before sending it to the database
|
||||||
- Preventing SQL Injection and XSS: Validate all user-entered parameters, escape questionable characters, hide information about error handling
|
|
||||||
|
### Preventing SQL Injection and XSS
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- Validate all user-entered parameters (data types and lengths)
|
||||||
|
- Disallow unwanted data (html tags, JS, SQL commands)
|
||||||
|
- Escape questionable characters (ticks, --, semicolons, quotes, etc)
|
||||||
|
- Hide information about error handling
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
#### Stored XSS
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Input script to website disguised as user content
|
||||||
|
Store and display script on page
|
||||||
|
User accesses page
|
||||||
|
Malicious script sent to user
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## Broken Authentication and Session Management:
|
## Broken Authentication and Session Management:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
- User authentication does not necessarily provide continuous assurance
|
- User authentication does not necessarily provide continuous assurance
|
||||||
- Insecure implementation of session control with a static session ID passed in the URL
|
- Insecure implementation of session control with a static session ID passed in the URL
|
||||||
- Recommendations for session IDs (OWASP)
|
- Recommendations for session IDs (OWASP)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## OWASP Top-10 Web Application Risks (as of 2017):
|
### Method
|
||||||
|
Log in to application
|
||||||
|
Provide service, user stays logged in
|
||||||
|
Email info about session ID
|
||||||
|
Other user can access website as first user
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
- Injection, Broken Authentication, Sensitive Data Exposure, XML External Entity (XXE), Security Misconfiguration, Cross-Site Scripting (XSS), Insecure Deserialization, Using Components with Known Vulnerabilities, Insufficient Logging & Monitoring, Underprotected APIs
|
### Fixes
|
||||||
|
- Authentication linked to time
|
||||||
|
- OWASP recommendations followed
|
||||||
|
- Link session ID to IP address, TLS session, etc.
|
||||||
|
Reconnaissance Assignment
|
||||||
|
## [OWASP Top-10](https://owasp.org/Top10/) Web Application Risks (as of 2017):
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
- Injection, Broken Authentication, Sensitive Data Exposure, XML External Entity (XXE), Security Misconfiguration, Cross-Site Scripting (XSS), Insecure Deserialization, Using Components with Known Vulnerabilities, Insufficient Logging & Monitoring
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
## Waterfall SDLC vs. Agile Software Development vs. Secure Agile:
|
## Waterfall SDLC vs. Agile Software Development vs. Secure Agile:
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
- Waterfall SDLC: Sequential phases (Design, Requirements, Implementation, Verification, Maintenance)
|
- Waterfall SDLC: Sequential phases (Design, Requirements, Implementation, Verification, Maintenance)
|
||||||
- Agile Software Development: Iterative sprint cycles based on user stories
|
- Agile Software Development: Iterative sprint cycles based on user stories
|
||||||
- Secure Agile: Includes additional security steps during project startup, each sprint cycle, and final test and validation
|
- Secure Agile: Includes additional security steps during project startup, each sprint cycle, and final test and validation
|
||||||
- Threat modeling in Secure Agile: Identify, analyze, and describe relevant threats using STRIDE (Spoofing, Tampering, Repudiation, Information Disclosure, Denial of Service, Elevation of Privilege)
|
- Threat modeling in Secure Agile: Identify, analyze, and describe relevant threats using STRIDE (Spoofing, Tampering, Repudiation, Information Disclosure, Denial of Service, Elevation of Privilege)
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
### STRIDE
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
Spoofing - Can an attacker gain access with a false identity?
|
||||||
|
Tampering - Can an attacker modify data as an application runs?
|
||||||
|
Repudiation - If an attacker denies interaction, can we prove it?
|
||||||
|
Information Disclosure - Can an attacker gain PII?
|
||||||
|
Denial of Service - Can an attacker crash or reduce availability?
|
||||||
|
Elevation of Privilege - Can an attacker assume the identity of a privileged user?
|
||||||
Reference in new issue
Block a user