G4G0-2/AI & Data Mining/Week 19/Timeline of History.md

1943:

• Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts: Publish the first work generally recognized as AI, showing that any computable function could be computed by a network of connected neurons and implementing logical connectives (and, or, not) using simple net structures.

1944:

• Alan Turing: Proposes the concept of a "learning machine" (Turing Test) in a letter to The Times.

1950:

• Alan Turing: Publishes "Computing Machinery and Intelligence," introducing the Turing Test for intelligent machines.

1952:

• Wisconsin General Learning Device: First neural network using perceptrons, developed by Frank Rosenblatt.

1956:

• John McCarthy: Coins the term "Artificial Intelligence" at a conference held in Dartmouth.

1957:

• Perceptrons: Simple binary classifiers introduced by Frank Rosenblatt.

1960:

• Adaline: Improved perceptron with adaptive learning, developed by Bernard Widrow.

1964:

• ELIZA: A natural language processing program simulating a psychotherapist, developed by Joseph Weizenbaum.
• STUDENT: Solves algebra word problems using a formal algorithm, developed by John McCarthy.

1965:

• Herbert Simon: Makes overoptimistic predictions about AI's pace at a conference.
• First conference on AI planning systems.

1968:

• Stanford Research Institute introduces the first speech understanding system.

1969:

• AI planning systems used to schedule university classes.
• DENDRAL: An early expert system using a heuristic search algorithm for structural molecular formulas, developed by Edward Feigenbaum et al.

1972:

• MYCIN: The first expert system using an inference engine, developed by Edward Shortliffe at Stanford University. It diagnosed infectious diseases based on symptom information.

1974:

• STELLAR: An early example of using machine learning to generate rules for a knowledge-based system. Developed by John McCarthy and colleagues, STELLAR learned to play checkers using alpha-beta pruning.

1975:

• Xerox PARC: Develops the first personal computer (Alto) with a graphical user interface (GUI), paving the way for modern computing and AI interaction.

1976:

• Turing Award: Marvin Minsky receives the first Turing Award for his work on AI, neural networks, and cognitive architecture.

1979:

• PROLOG: A logic programming language developed by Alan Colmerauer and others becomes popular for AI applications.

1980:

• XCON: Configured computer systems based on customer needs, developed by John McDermott at Digital Equipment Corporation. It saved millions of dollars in hardware costs.

1982:

• Fifth Generation Computer Systems (FGCS) Project: Japan starts a government-funded project aiming to develop advanced AI systems focused on parallel processing and logic programming.

1982:

• Expert System Showdown: An event organized by the United States Air Force to compare six expert systems. This marked a significant step in making AI practical for real-world applications.

1985:

• Neural Networks: John Hopfield introduces Hopfield networks, a type of recurrent artificial neural network capable of performing parallel information processing.

1986:

• Japanese Fifth Generation Computer Systems (FGCS) Project: Launched with the goal of developing advanced AI systems focused on parallel processing and logic programming.

1987:

• Neural Networks: David Rumelhart, Geoffrey Hinton, and Ronald Williams publish a seminal work on backpropagation, an algorithm used to train artificial neural networks.

1990:

• Internet: The World Wide Web is invented by Tim Berners-Lee, making information more accessible and enabling the growth of AI-driven search engines.

1991:

• High-Performance Computing and Communications (HPCC) Act: The US government initiative supporting AI research emphasizes advanced networks and high-performance computing.

1995:

• Deep Blue: IBM's chess-playing computer, using AI techniques, defeats world champion Garry Kasparov in a match.

1997:

• Watson: IBM's question-answering system, using AI techniques, performs at the Jeopardy! game show against human champions.

2011:

• ImageNet: A large-scale image recognition competition, won by a deep learning-based approach developed by Geoffrey Hinton and others. This marked a significant breakthrough for AI in computer vision.

2016:

• AlphaGo: Developed by DeepMind, AlphaGo uses AI techniques to defeat world champions in the complex board game Go.

2020:

• AI Ethics: Increased focus on AI ethics, fairness, accountability, and transparency becomes prominent in AI research and development.

gantt
    dateFormat  YYYY
    title Cutting feature timeline

    section Early AI Pioneers & Microworlds
        Alan Turing :inactive, 1944
        John von Neumann :after Alan Turing, 1953
        Marvin Minsky's Students :after John von Neumann, 1963-1973
            Saint :after Marvin Minsky's Students, 1963
            Analogy :after Saint, 1968
            Student :after Analogy, 1967

    section Expert Systems & Knowledge Intensive Systems
        DENDRAL :after Student, 1965
        MYCIN :after DENDRAL, 1972

    section AI Research & Limitations
        Herbert Simon :inactive, 1965
        Lighthill Report :after Herbert Simon, 1973

    section Natural Language Understanding
        Eugene Charniak :inactive, 1976
        Roger Schank :after Eugene Charniak, 1977

    section AI Milestones & Advancements
        Expert System Showdown :after MYCIN, 1982
        Hopfield Networks :after Expert System Showdown, 1986
        Backpropagation :after Hopfield Networks, 1987

    section AI in Competition & Everyday Life
        Deep Blue :after Backpropagation, 1997
        Watson :after Deep Blue, 2011