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1943:
- Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts: Publish the first work generally recognized as AI, showing that any computable function could be computed by a network of connected neurons and implementing logical connectives (and, or, not) using simple net structures.
1944:
- Alan Turing: Proposes the concept of a "learning machine" (Turing Test) in a letter to The Times.
1950:
- Alan Turing: Publishes "Computing Machinery and Intelligence," introducing the Turing Test for intelligent machines.
1952:
- Wisconsin General Learning Device: First neural network using perceptrons, developed by Frank Rosenblatt.
1956:
- John McCarthy: Coins the term "Artificial Intelligence" at a conference held in Dartmouth.
1957:
- Perceptrons: Simple binary classifiers introduced by Frank Rosenblatt.
1960:
- Adaline: Improved perceptron with adaptive learning, developed by Bernard Widrow.
1964:
- ELIZA: A natural language processing program simulating a psychotherapist, developed by Joseph Weizenbaum.
- STUDENT: Solves algebra word problems using a formal algorithm, developed by John McCarthy.
1965:
- Herbert Simon: Makes overoptimistic predictions about AI's pace at a conference.
- First conference on AI planning systems.
1968:
- Stanford Research Institute introduces the first speech understanding system.
1969:
- AI planning systems used to schedule university classes.
- DENDRAL: An early expert system using a heuristic search algorithm for structural molecular formulas, developed by Edward Feigenbaum et al.
1972:
- MYCIN: The first expert system using an inference engine, developed by Edward Shortliffe at Stanford University. It diagnosed infectious diseases based on symptom information.
1974:
- STELLAR: An early example of using machine learning to generate rules for a knowledge-based system. Developed by John McCarthy and colleagues, STELLAR learned to play checkers using alpha-beta pruning.
1975:
- Xerox PARC: Develops the first personal computer (Alto) with a graphical user interface (GUI), paving the way for modern computing and AI interaction.
1976:
- Turing Award: Marvin Minsky receives the first Turing Award for his work on AI, neural networks, and cognitive architecture.
1979:
- PROLOG: A logic programming language developed by Alan Colmerauer and others becomes popular for AI applications.
1980:
- XCON: Configured computer systems based on customer needs, developed by John McDermott at Digital Equipment Corporation. It saved millions of dollars in hardware costs.
1982:
- Fifth Generation Computer Systems (FGCS) Project: Japan starts a government-funded project aiming to develop advanced AI systems focused on parallel processing and logic programming.
1982:
- Expert System Showdown: An event organized by the United States Air Force to compare six expert systems. This marked a significant step in making AI practical for real-world applications.
1985:
- Neural Networks: John Hopfield introduces Hopfield networks, a type of recurrent artificial neural network capable of performing parallel information processing.
1986:
- Japanese Fifth Generation Computer Systems (FGCS) Project: Launched with the goal of developing advanced AI systems focused on parallel processing and logic programming.
1987:
- Neural Networks: David Rumelhart, Geoffrey Hinton, and Ronald Williams publish a seminal work on backpropagation, an algorithm used to train artificial neural networks.
1990:
- Internet: The World Wide Web is invented by Tim Berners-Lee, making information more accessible and enabling the growth of AI-driven search engines.
1991:
- High-Performance Computing and Communications (HPCC) Act: The US government initiative supporting AI research emphasizes advanced networks and high-performance computing.
1995:
- Deep Blue: IBM's chess-playing computer, using AI techniques, defeats world champion Garry Kasparov in a match.
1997:
- Watson: IBM's question-answering system, using AI techniques, performs at the Jeopardy! game show against human champions.
2011:
- ImageNet: A large-scale image recognition competition, won by a deep learning-based approach developed by Geoffrey Hinton and others. This marked a significant breakthrough for AI in computer vision.
2016:
- AlphaGo: Developed by DeepMind, AlphaGo uses AI techniques to defeat world champions in the complex board game Go.
2020:
- AI Ethics: Increased focus on AI ethics, fairness, accountability, and transparency becomes prominent in AI research and development.
gantt
dateFormat YYYY
title Cutting feature timeline
section Early AI Pioneers & Microworlds
Alan Turing :inactive, 1944
John von Neumann :after Alan Turing, 1953
Marvin Minsky's Students :after John von Neumann, 1963-1973
Saint :after Marvin Minsky's Students, 1963
Analogy :after Saint, 1968
Student :after Analogy, 1967
section Expert Systems & Knowledge Intensive Systems
DENDRAL :after Student, 1965
MYCIN :after DENDRAL, 1972
section AI Research & Limitations
Herbert Simon :inactive, 1965
Lighthill Report :after Herbert Simon, 1973
section Natural Language Understanding
Eugene Charniak :inactive, 1976
Roger Schank :after Eugene Charniak, 1977
section AI Milestones & Advancements
Expert System Showdown :after MYCIN, 1982
Hopfield Networks :after Expert System Showdown, 1986
Backpropagation :after Hopfield Networks, 1987
section AI in Competition & Everyday Life
Deep Blue :after Backpropagation, 1997
Watson :after Deep Blue, 2011