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16
Networking and Security/Week 4/Lecture 8.md Normal file
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| OSI | Internet 4 Layer | Protocols |
| --------------------------- | ------------------- | --------------------------------------- |
| Application<br>Presentation | Application | HTTP<br>SMTP<br>Telnet |
| Session<br>Transport | Host2Host Transport | TCP, UDP |
| Network | Internet | IP, ICMP |
| Data Link<br>Physical | Network Access | PPP<br>IP-over-ADSL<br>IP-over-Ethernet |
# Internet Protocol version 4
- Connectionless packet oriented service
- Unreliable service, no guarantee of delivery
- Best effort, no error recovery
All packets routed independently
- Routers examine destination IP address and choose best route to forward packet
- Big packets fragmented, fragments routed separately

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Networking and Security/Week 4/Workshop 4 - Routing.md Normal file
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| ubnet | Hosts | Addresses | Bits Required | Netmask | CIDR Netmask |
| ----- | ----- | --------- | ------------- | --------------- | ------------ |
| A | 23 | 25 | 5 | 255.255.255.224 | /27 |
| B | 4 | 6 | 3 | 255.255.255.248 | /29 |
| C | 18 | 20 | 5 | 255.255.255.224 | /27 |
| D | 31 | 33 | 6 | 255.255.255.192 | /26 |
| E | 73 | 75 | 7 | 225.255.255.128 | /25 |
Subnet E: 66.77.88.0/25
Range: 66.77.88.1 - 66.77.88.126
Broadcast: 66.77.88.127
"Last" IP: 66.77.88.1
Subnet D: 66.77.88.128/26
Range: 66.77.88.129 - 66.77.88.190
Broadcast: 66.77.88.191
"Last" IP: 66.77.88.129
Subnet A: 66.77.88.192/27
Range: 66.77.88.193 - 66.77.88.222
Broadcast: 66.77.88.223
"Last" IP: 66.77.88.193
Subnet C: 66.77.88.224/27
Range: 66.77.88.225 - 66.77.88.254
Broadcast: 66.77.88.255
"Last" IP: 66.77.88.225
Subnet B: 66.77.89.0/29
Range: 66.77.89.1 - 66.77.89.7
Broadcast: 66.77.89.8
"Last" IP: 66.77.89.7
Broadcast: 66.77.88.127
"Last" IP: 66.77.88.1
Subnet D: 66.77.88.128/26
Range: 66.77.88.129 - 66.77.88.190
Broadcast: 66.77.88.191
"Last" IP: 66.77.88.129
Subnet A: 66.77.88.192/27
Range: 66.77.88.193 - 66.77.88.222
Broadcast: 66.77.88.223
"Last" IP: 66.77.88.193
Subnet C: 66.77.88.224/27
Range: 66.77.88.225 - 66.77.88.254
Broadcast: 66.77.88.255
"Last" IP: 66.77.88.225
Subnet B: 66.77.89.0/29
Range: 66.77.89.1 - 66.77.89.7
Broadcast: 66.77.89.8
"Last" IP: 66.77.Broadcast: 66.77.88.127
"Last" IP: 66.77.88.1
Subnet D: 66.77.88.128/26
Range: 66.77.88.129 - 66.77.88.190
Broadcast: 66.77.88.191
"Last" IP: 66.77.88.129
Subnet A: 66.77.88.192/27
Range: 66.77.88.193 - 66.77.88.222
Broadcast: 66.77.88.223
"Last" IP: 66.77.88.193
Subnet C: 66.77.88.224/27
Range: 66.77.88.225 - 66.77.88.254
Broadcast: 66.77.88.255
"Last" IP: 66.77.88.225
Subnet B: 66.77.89.0/29
Range: 66.77.89.1 - 66.77.89.7
Broadcast: 66.77.89.8
"Last" IP: 66.77.89.7
Internet Connected Router = Y
Network
Network Number
Default Route
A
66.77.88.128/26
66.77.88.129
B
66.77.89.0/29
66.77.89.1
C
66.77.88.224/27
66.77.88.225
D
66.77.88.128/26
66.77.88.128
E
66.77.88.0/25
66.77.88.189.7
Internet Connected Router =Y
Network
Network Number
Default Route
A
66.77.88.128/26
66.77.88.129
B
66.77.89.0/29
66.77.89.1
C
66.77.88.224/27
66.77.88.225
D
66.77.88.128/26
66.77.88.128
E
66.77.88.0/25
66.77.88.1
Internet Connected Router = Y
| Network | Network Number | Default Route |
| ------- | --------------- | ------------- |
| A | 66.77.88.128/26 | 66.77.88.129 |
| B | 66.77.89.0/29 | 66.77.89.1 |
| C | 66.77.88.224/27 | 66.77.88.225 |
| D | 66.77.88.128/26 | 66.77.88.128 |
| E | 66.77.88.0/25 | 66.77.88.1 |