126 lines
5.7 KiB
Markdown
126 lines
5.7 KiB
Markdown
**1943:**
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- **Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts**: Publish the first work generally recognized as AI, showing that any computable function could be computed by a network of connected neurons and implementing logical connectives (and, or, not) using simple net structures.
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**1944:**
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- **Alan Turing**: Proposes the concept of a "learning machine" (Turing Test) in a letter to The Times.
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**1950:**
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- **Alan Turing**: Publishes "Computing Machinery and Intelligence," introducing the Turing Test for intelligent machines.
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**1952:**
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- **Wisconsin General Learning Device**: First neural network using perceptrons, developed by Frank Rosenblatt.
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**1956:**
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- **John McCarthy**: Coins the term "Artificial Intelligence" at a conference held in Dartmouth.
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**1957:**
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- **Perceptrons**: Simple binary classifiers introduced by Frank Rosenblatt.
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**1960:**
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- **Adaline**: Improved perceptron with adaptive learning, developed by Bernard Widrow.
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**1964:**
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- **ELIZA**: A natural language processing program simulating a psychotherapist, developed by Joseph Weizenbaum.
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- **STUDENT**: Solves algebra word problems using a formal algorithm, developed by John McCarthy.
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**1965:**
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- **Herbert Simon**: Makes overoptimistic predictions about AI's pace at a conference.
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- First conference on AI planning systems.
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**1968:**
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- Stanford Research Institute introduces the first speech understanding system.
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**1969:**
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- AI planning systems used to schedule university classes.
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- **DENDRAL**: An early expert system using a heuristic search algorithm for structural molecular formulas, developed by Edward Feigenbaum et al.
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**1972:**
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- **MYCIN**: The first expert system using an inference engine, developed by Edward Shortliffe at Stanford University. It diagnosed infectious diseases based on symptom information.
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**1974:**
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- **STELLAR**: An early example of using machine learning to generate rules for a knowledge-based system. Developed by John McCarthy and colleagues, STELLAR learned to play checkers using alpha-beta pruning.
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**1975:**
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- **Xerox PARC**: Develops the first personal computer (Alto) with a graphical user interface (GUI), paving the way for modern computing and AI interaction.
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**1976:**
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- **Turing Award**: Marvin Minsky receives the first Turing Award for his work on AI, neural networks, and cognitive architecture.
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**1979:**
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- **PROLOG**: A logic programming language developed by Alan Colmerauer and others becomes popular for AI applications.
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**1980:**
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- **XCON**: Configured computer systems based on customer needs, developed by John McDermott at Digital Equipment Corporation. It saved millions of dollars in hardware costs.
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**1982:**
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- **Fifth Generation Computer Systems (FGCS) Project**: Japan starts a government-funded project aiming to develop advanced AI systems focused on parallel processing and logic programming.
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**1982:**
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- **Expert System Showdown**: An event organized by the United States Air Force to compare six expert systems. This marked a significant step in making AI practical for real-world applications.
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**1985:**
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- **Neural Networks**: John Hopfield introduces Hopfield networks, a type of recurrent artificial neural network capable of performing parallel information processing.
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**1986:**
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- **Japanese Fifth Generation Computer Systems (FGCS) Project**: Launched with the goal of developing advanced AI systems focused on parallel processing and logic programming.
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**1987:**
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- **Neural Networks**: David Rumelhart, Geoffrey Hinton, and Ronald Williams publish a seminal work on backpropagation, an algorithm used to train artificial neural networks.
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**1990:**
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- **Internet**: The World Wide Web is invented by Tim Berners-Lee, making information more accessible and enabling the growth of AI-driven search engines.
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**1991:**
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- **High-Performance Computing and Communications (HPCC) Act**: The US government initiative supporting AI research emphasizes advanced networks and high-performance computing.
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**1995:**
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- **Deep Blue**: IBM's chess-playing computer, using AI techniques, defeats world champion Garry Kasparov in a match.
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**1997:**
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- **Watson**: IBM's question-answering system, using AI techniques, performs at the Jeopardy! game show against human champions.
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**2011:**
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- **ImageNet**: A large-scale image recognition competition, won by a deep learning-based approach developed by Geoffrey Hinton and others. This marked a significant breakthrough for AI in computer vision.
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**2016:**
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- **AlphaGo**: Developed by DeepMind, AlphaGo uses AI techniques to defeat world champions in the complex board game Go.
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**2020:**
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- **AI Ethics**: Increased focus on AI ethics, fairness, accountability, and transparency becomes prominent in AI research and development.
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```mermaid
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gantt
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dateFormat YYYY
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title Cutting feature timeline
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section Early AI Pioneers & Microworlds
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Alan Turing :inactive, 1944
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John von Neumann :after Alan Turing, 1953
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Marvin Minsky's Students :after John von Neumann, 1963-1973
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Saint :after Marvin Minsky's Students, 1963
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Analogy :after Saint, 1968
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Student :after Analogy, 1967
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section Expert Systems & Knowledge Intensive Systems
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DENDRAL :after Student, 1965
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MYCIN :after DENDRAL, 1972
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section AI Research & Limitations
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Herbert Simon :inactive, 1965
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Lighthill Report :after Herbert Simon, 1973
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section Natural Language Understanding
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Eugene Charniak :inactive, 1976
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Roger Schank :after Eugene Charniak, 1977
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section AI Milestones & Advancements
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Expert System Showdown :after MYCIN, 1982
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Hopfield Networks :after Expert System Showdown, 1986
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Backpropagation :after Hopfield Networks, 1987
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section AI in Competition & Everyday Life
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Deep Blue :after Backpropagation, 1997
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Watson :after Deep Blue, 2011
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```
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